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Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System
Grade 8 Mathematics Reference Sheet

CONVERSIONS
1 cup equals 8 fluid ounces
1 pint equals 2 cups
1 quart equals 2 pints
1 gallon equals 4 quarts
1 gallon is approximately equal to 3.785 liters
1 liter is approximately equal to 0.264 gallon
1 liter equals 1000 cubic centimeters

1 inch equals 2.54 centimeters
1 meter is approximately equal to 39.37 inches
1 mile equals 5280 feet
1 mile equals 1760 yards
1 mile is approximately equal to 1.609 kilometers
1 kilometer is approximately equal to 0.62 mile

1 pound equals 16 ounces
1 pound is approximately equal to 0.454 kilogram
1 kilogram is approximately equal to 2.2 pounds
1 ton equals 2000 pounds

AREA (A) FORMULAS
square . . . . . . . . . . .  A equals s squared

rectangle . . . . . . . . .  A equals bh
OR
A equals lw

parallelogram . . . . .A equals bh

triangle . . . . . . . . . .A equals one half bh

trapezoid . . . . .. .A equals one half h(b1 plus b2)

circle. . . . . . . . . . . .A equals pi r squared


CIRCLE FORMULAS
area . . . . . . . . . . . . .A equals pi r squared

circumference. . . . . C equals two pi r
OR
C equals pi d 






VOLUME (V) FORMULAS

Cube . . . . V equals s cubed
(s equals length of an edge)

sphere . . . . . . V equals four thirds pi r cubed

cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V equals one third pi r squared h

right circular cylinder . . . . V equals two pi r squared h 

right prism . . . . . V equals Bh


TOTAL SURFACE AREA (SA) FORMULAS

right rectangular prism . . . .SA equals 2(lw) plus 2 (hw) plus 2(lh)

right circular cylinder . . . . SA equals two pi r squared plus two pi rh 

sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SA equals four pi r squared

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

a squared plus b squared equals c squared