2016 MA STE MS-HS Technology/Engineering Strand Map (April 2016) Please direct comments, suggested edits, and questions to: mathsciencetech@doe.mass.edu. The standards and strand maps are available at: www.doe.mass.edu/stem/review.html (*) denotes integration of technology/engineering through a practice or core idea. Concept: HS-ETS3-6(MA). Use informational text to illustrate how a vehicle or device can be modified to produce a change in lift, drag, friction, thrust, and weight. Clarification Statements: Examples of vehicles can include cars, boats, airplanes, and rockets. Considerations of lift require consideration of Bernoullis principle. IncomingConnection from 8.MS-PS2-2 Concept: Math: G-GMD 4. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-5(MA). Plan a prototype or design solution using orthographic projections and isometric drawings, using proper scales and proportions.* Concept: Math: A-REI.B.3 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-3(MA). Compare the costs and benefits of custom versus mass production based on qualities of the desired product, the cost of each unit to produce, and the number of units needed. Concept: HS-ETS3-4(MA). Use a model to illustrate how the forces of tension, compression, torsion, and shear affect the performance of a structure. Analyze situations that involve these forces and justify the selection of materials for the given situation based on their properties. Clarification Statements: Examples of structures include bridges, houses, and skyscrapers. Examples of material properties can include elasticity, plasticity, thermal conductivity, density, and resistance to force. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-2(MA). Given a design task, select appropriate materials based on specific properties needed in the construction of a solution.* Clarification Statement: Examples of materials can include metals, plastic, wood, and ceramics. Concept: 3.3-5-ETS1-2 OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-2. Evaluate competing solutions to a given design problem using a decision matrix to determine how well each meets the criteria and constraints of the problem. Use a model of each solution to evaluate how variations in one or more design features, including size, shape, weight, or cost may affect the function or effectiveness of the solution.* Concept: 7.MS-ETS3-1(MA). Explain the function of a communication system and the role of its components, including a source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, and storage. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-3(MA). Research and communicate information about how transportation systems are designed to move people and goods using a variety of vehicles and devices. Identify and describe subsystems of a transportation vehicle, including structural, propulsion, guidance, suspension, and control subsystems. Clarification Statements: Examples of design elements include vehicle shape to maximize cargo or passenger capacity, terminals, travel lanes, and communications/controls. Examples of vehicles can include a car, sailboat, and small airplane. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-4(MA). Show how the components of a structural system work together to serve a structural function or maintain and environment for a particular human use. Provide examples of physical structures and relate their design to their intended use. Clarification Statements: Examples of components of a structural system could include foundation, decking, wall, and roofing. Explanations of function should include identification of live vs. dead loads and forces of tension, torsion, compression, and shear. Examples of uses include carrying loads and forces across a span (such as a bridge), providing livable space (such as a house or office building), and providing specific environmental conditions (such as a greenhouse or cold storage). State Assessment Boundary: Calculations of magnitude or direction of loads or forces are not expected in state assessment. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-2(MA). Compare the benefits and drawbacks of different communication systems. Clarification Statement: Examples of communication systems can include radio, television, print, and Internet. Examples of benefits and drawbacks can include speed of communication, distance or range, number of people reached, audio only vs. audio and visual, and one-way vs. two-way communication. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-2(MA). Use a model to explain how information transmitted via digital and analog signals travels through the following media: electrical wire, optical fiber, air, and space. Analyze a communication problem and determine the best mode of delivery for the communication(s). IncomingConnection from 6.MS-PS4-3 Concept: HS-ETS4-2(MA). Use a model to explain differences between open fluid systems and closed fluid systems. Determine when it is more or less appropriate to use one type of system instead of the other. Clarification Statements: Examples of open systems can include irrigation, forced hot air system, and air compressors. Examples of closed systems can include forced hot water system and hydraulic brakes. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-4(MA). Calculate and describe the ability of a hydraulic system to multiply distance, multiply force, and effect directional change. Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ratio of piston sizes (cross-sectional area) as represented in Pascal’s law. IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-2(MA). Compare the benefits and drawbacks of different communication systems. Clarification Statement: Examples of communication systems can include radio, television, print, and Internet. Examples of benefits and drawbacks can include speed of communication, distance or range, number of people reached, audio only vs. audio and visual, and one-way vs. two-way communication. Concept: 8.MS-PS2-2 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-6(MA). Use informational text to illustrate how a vehicle or device can be modified to produce a change in lift, drag, friction, thrust, and weight. Clarification Statements: Examples of vehicles can include cars, boats, airplanes, and rockets. Considerations of lift require consideration of Bernoullis principle. Concept: 7.MS-ETS1-2. Evaluate competing solutions to a given design problem using a decision matrix to determine how well each meets the criteria and constraints of the problem. Use a model of each solution to evaluate how variations in one or more design features, including size, shape, weight, or cost may affect the function or effectiveness of the solution.* OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-7(MA). Construct a prototype of a solution to a given design problem.* OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-LS2-5 IncomingConnection from 3.3-5-ETS1-2 IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS1-1. Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution. Include potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.* Concept: HS-ETS1-4. Use a computer simulation to model the impact of a proposed solution to a complex real-world problem that has numerous criteria and constraints on the interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.* OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-6(MA). Document and present solutions that include specifications, performance results, successes and remaining issues, and limitations.* IncomingConnection from HS-ETS1-3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, aesthetics, and maintenance, as well as social, cultural, and environmental impacts.* IncomingConnection from Math: A.CED.A.2,3 IncomingConnection from HS-ETS1-2. Break a complex real-world problem into smaller, more manageable problems that each can be solved using scientific and engineering principles.* Concept: 7.MS-ETS1-7(MA). Construct a prototype of a solution to a given design problem.* OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-4. Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize the object, tool, or process for its intended purpose.* IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS1-2. Evaluate competing solutions to a given design problem using a decision matrix to determine how well each meets the criteria and constraints of the problem. Use a model of each solution to evaluate how variations in one or more design features, including size, shape, weight, or cost may affect the function or effectiveness of the solution.* IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-3(MA). Choose and safely use the appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, fasteners, and common hand-held power tools used to construct a prototype. Clarification Statements: Examples of measuring tools include a tape measure, meter stick, and a ruler. Examples of hand tools include a hammer, a screwdriver, a wrench, and pliers. Examples of fasteners include nails, screws, nuts and bolts, staples, glue, and tape. Examples of common power tools include jigsaw, drill, and sander. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS1-5(MA). Create visual representations of solutions to a design problem. Accurately interpret and apply scale and proportion to visual representations.* Clarification Statements: Examples of visual representations can include sketches, scaled drawings, and orthographic projections. Examples of scale can include ¼’’ = 1’ and 1 cm = 1 m. IncomingConnection from 4.3-5-ETS1-6(MA) Concept: 3.3-5-ETS1-1 OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS1-1. Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution. Include potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.* Concept: HS-ETS1-5(MA). Plan a prototype or design solution using orthographic projections and isometric drawings, using proper scales and proportions.* IncomingConnection from Math: G-GMD 4. IncomingConnection from Math: G-SRT.1 IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS1-5(MA). Create visual representations of solutions to a design problem. Accurately interpret and apply scale and proportion to visual representations.* Clarification Statements: Examples of visual representations can include sketches, scaled drawings, and orthographic projections. Examples of scale can include ¼’’ = 1’ and 1 cm = 1 m. Concept: Math: G-SRT.1 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-5(MA). Plan a prototype or design solution using orthographic projections and isometric drawings, using proper scales and proportions.* Concept: HS-ETS1-3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, aesthetics, and maintenance, as well as social, cultural, and environmental impacts.* OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-4. Use a computer simulation to model the impact of a proposed solution to a complex real-world problem that has numerous criteria and constraints on the interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.* IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS1-4. Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize the object, tool, or process for its intended purpose.* IncomingConnection from Math: A.CED.A3 IncomingConnection from HS-ETS1-1. Analyze a major global challenge to specify a design problem that can be improved. Determine necessary qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions, including any requirements set by society.* Clarification Statement: Examples of societal requirements can include risk mitigation, aesthetics, ethical considerations, and long-term maintenance costs. IncomingConnection from Math: S-ID 9. Concept: HS-ETS2-1(MA). Determine the best application of manufacturing processes to create parts of desired shape, size, and finish based on available resources and safety. Clarification Statement: Examples of processes can include forming (molding of plastics, casting of metals, shaping, rolling, forging, and stamping), machining (cutting and milling), conditioning (thermal, mechanical and chemical processes), and finishing. State Assessment Boundary: Specific manufacturing machines are not expected in state assessment. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-2(MA). Explain how computers and robots can be used at different stages of a manufacturing system, typically for jobs that are repetitive, very small, or very dangerous. Clarification Statement: Examples of stages include design, testing, production, and quality control. IncomingConnection from 8.MS-ETS2-5(MA). Present information that illustrates how a product can be created using basic processes in manufacturing systems, including forming, separating, conditioning, assembling, finishing, quality control, and safety. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of human vs. computer control of these processes. Concept: 7.MS-PS3-6 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-5(MA). Analyze how the design of a building is influenced by thermal conditions such as wind, solar angle, and temperature. Give examples of how conduction, convection, and radiation are considered in the selection of materials for buildings and in the design of a heating system. Concept: 6.MS-ETS2-3(MA). Choose and safely use the appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, fasteners, and common hand-held power tools used to construct a prototype. Clarification Statements: Examples of measuring tools include a tape measure, meter stick, and a ruler. Examples of hand tools include a hammer, a screwdriver, a wrench, and pliers. Examples of fasteners include nails, screws, nuts and bolts, staples, glue, and tape. Examples of common power tools include jigsaw, drill, and sander. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-7(MA). Construct a prototype of a solution to a given design problem.* OutgoingConnection to 8.MS-ETS2-5(MA). Present information that illustrates how a product can be created using basic processes in manufacturing systems, including forming, separating, conditioning, assembling, finishing, quality control, and safety. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of human vs. computer control of these processes. IncomingConnection from Math: 3-MD 4. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-2(MA). Given a design task, select appropriate materials based on specific properties needed in the construction of a solution.* Clarification Statement: Examples of materials can include metals, plastic, wood, and ceramics. Concept: ELA: WHST.6-8.9 OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-3(MA). Research and communicate information about how transportation systems are designed to move people and goods using a variety of vehicles and devices. Identify and describe subsystems of a transportation vehicle, including structural, propulsion, guidance, suspension, and control subsystems. Clarification Statements: Examples of design elements include vehicle shape to maximize cargo or passenger capacity, terminals, travel lanes, and communications/controls. Examples of vehicles can include a car, sailboat, and small airplane. Concept: 4.3-5-ETS1-3 OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-4. Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize the object, tool, or process for its intended purpose.* Concept: 6.MS-ETS1-5(MA). Create visual representations of solutions to a design problem. Accurately interpret and apply scale and proportion to visual representations.* Clarification Statements: Examples of visual representations can include sketches, scaled drawings, and orthographic projections. Examples of scale can include ¼’’ = 1’ and 1 cm = 1 m. OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS1-6(MA). Communicate a design solution to an intended user, including design features and limitations of the solution. Clarification Statement: Examples of intended users can include students, parents, teachers, manufacturing personnel, engineers, and customers. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-7(MA). Construct a prototype of a solution to a given design problem.* OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-5(MA). Plan a prototype or design solution using orthographic projections and isometric drawings, using proper scales and proportions.* IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS1-1. Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution. Include potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.* IncomingConnection from 3.3-5-ETS1-4(MA) Concept: 7.MS-PS3-1 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-5. Explain how a machine converts energy, through mechanical means, to do work. Collect and analyze data to determine the efficiency of simple and complex machines. Concept: 8.MS-PS2-2 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-5. Explain how a machine converts energy, through mechanical means, to do work. Collect and analyze data to determine the efficiency of simple and complex machines. Concept: HS-PS2-6 IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-2(MA). Given a design task, select appropriate materials based on specific properties needed in the construction of a solution.* Clarification Statement: Examples of materials can include metals, plastic, wood, and ceramics. Concept: HS-ETS2-4(MA). Explain how manufacturing processes transform material properties to meet a specified purpose or function. Recognize that new materials can be synthesized through chemical and physical processes that are designed to manipulate material properties to meet a desired performance condition. Clarification Statement: Examples of material properties can include resistance to force, density, hardness, and elasticity. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-3(MA). Compare the costs and benefits of custom versus mass production based on qualities of the desired product, the cost of each unit to produce, and the number of units needed. IncomingConnection from 8.MS-ETS2-4(MA). Use informational text to illustrate that materials maintain their composition under various kinds of physical processing; however, some material properties may change if a process changes the particulate structure of a material. Clarification Statements: Examples of physical processing can include cutting, forming, extruding, and sanding. Examples of changes in material properties can include a non-magnetic iron material becoming magnetic after hammering and a plastic material becoming rigid (less elastic) after heat treatment. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-1(MA). Analyze and compare properties of metals, plastics, wood and ceramics, including flexibility, ductility, hardness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and melting point. Concept: Math: A.CED.A.2,3 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-4. Use a computer simulation to model the impact of a proposed solution to a complex real-world problem that has numerous criteria and constraints on the interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.* Concept: 8.MS-PS2-2 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-3(MA).Explain the importance of considering both live loads and dead loads when constructing structures. Calculate the resultant force(s) for a combination of live loads and dead loads for various situations. Clarification Statements: Examples of structures can include buildings, decks, and bridges. Examples of loads and forces include live load, dead load, total load, tension, sheer, compression, and torsion. Concept: HS-ETS3-3(MA).Explain the importance of considering both live loads and dead loads when constructing structures. Calculate the resultant force(s) for a combination of live loads and dead loads for various situations. Clarification Statements: Examples of structures can include buildings, decks, and bridges. Examples of loads and forces include live load, dead load, total load, tension, sheer, compression, and torsion. IncomingConnection from 8.MS-PS2-2 IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-4(MA). Show how the components of a structural system work together to serve a structural function or maintain and environment for a particular human use. Provide examples of physical structures and relate their design to their intended use. Clarification Statements: Examples of components of a structural system could include foundation, decking, wall, and roofing. Explanations of function should include identification of live vs. dead loads and forces of tension, torsion, compression, and shear. Examples of uses include carrying loads and forces across a span (such as a bridge), providing livable space (such as a house or office building), and providing specific environmental conditions (such as a greenhouse or cold storage). State Assessment Boundary: Calculations of magnitude or direction of loads or forces are not expected in state assessment. IncomingConnection from Math: 7-EE 3. Concept: 7.MS-ETS3-4(MA). Show how the components of a structural system work together to serve a structural function or maintain and environment for a particular human use. Provide examples of physical structures and relate their design to their intended use. Clarification Statements: Examples of components of a structural system could include foundation, decking, wall, and roofing. Explanations of function should include identification of live vs. dead loads and forces of tension, torsion, compression, and shear. Examples of uses include carrying loads and forces across a span (such as a bridge), providing livable space (such as a house or office building), and providing specific environmental conditions (such as a greenhouse or cold storage). State Assessment Boundary: Calculations of magnitude or direction of loads or forces are not expected in state assessment. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-3(MA). Research and communicate information about how transportation systems are designed to move people and goods using a variety of vehicles and devices. Identify and describe subsystems of a transportation vehicle, including structural, propulsion, guidance, suspension, and control subsystems. Clarification Statements: Examples of design elements include vehicle shape to maximize cargo or passenger capacity, terminals, travel lanes, and communications/controls. Examples of vehicles can include a car, sailboat, and small airplane. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-3(MA).Explain the importance of considering both live loads and dead loads when constructing structures. Calculate the resultant force(s) for a combination of live loads and dead loads for various situations. Clarification Statements: Examples of structures can include buildings, decks, and bridges. Examples of loads and forces include live load, dead load, total load, tension, sheer, compression, and torsion. IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-1(MA). Explain the function of a communication system and the role of its components, including a source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, and storage. IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-5(MA). Use the concept of systems engineering to model inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback among components of a transportation, structural, or communication system. IncomingConnection from 5.3-5-ETS3-2 Concept: HS-ETS4-3(MA). Explain how differences and similarities between hydraulic and pneumatic systems lead to different applications of each in technologies. IncomingConnection from HS-ETS4-4(MA). Calculate and describe the ability of a hydraulic system to multiply distance, multiply force, and effect directional change. Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ratio of piston sizes (cross-sectional area) as represented in Pascal’s law. Concept: 8.MS-ETS2-4(MA). Use informational text to illustrate that materials maintain their composition under various kinds of physical processing; however, some material properties may change if a process changes the particulate structure of a material. Clarification Statements: Examples of physical processing can include cutting, forming, extruding, and sanding. Examples of changes in material properties can include a non-magnetic iron material becoming magnetic after hammering and a plastic material becoming rigid (less elastic) after heat treatment. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-4(MA). Explain how manufacturing processes transform material properties to meet a specified purpose or function. Recognize that new materials can be synthesized through chemical and physical processes that are designed to manipulate material properties to meet a desired performance condition. Clarification Statement: Examples of material properties can include resistance to force, density, hardness, and elasticity. IncomingConnection from 8.MS-PS1-2 Concept: HS-ETS4-4(MA). Calculate and describe the ability of a hydraulic system to multiply distance, multiply force, and effect directional change. Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ratio of piston sizes (cross-sectional area) as represented in Pascal’s law. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-5. Explain how a machine converts energy, through mechanical means, to do work. Collect and analyze data to determine the efficiency of simple and complex machines. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-3(MA). Explain how differences and similarities between hydraulic and pneumatic systems lead to different applications of each in technologies. IncomingConnection from HS-ETS4-2(MA). Use a model to explain differences between open fluid systems and closed fluid systems. Determine when it is more or less appropriate to use one type of system instead of the other. Clarification Statements: Examples of open systems can include irrigation, forced hot air system, and air compressors. Examples of closed systems can include forced hot water system and hydraulic brakes. IncomingConnection from Math: A-CED 4. IncomingConnection from Math: 7-RP.A.2c. IncomingConnection from HS-ETS4-1(MA). Research and describe various ways that humans use energy and power systems to harness resources to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently. Clarification Statement: Examples of energy and power systems can include fluid systems such as hydraulics and pneumatics, thermal systems such as heating and cooling, and electrical systems such as electronic devices and residential wiring. Concept: Math: 6-SP 4. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-4. Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize the object, tool, or process for its intended purpose.* Concept: Math: A-CED.A.2,3 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-3(MA). Compare the costs and benefits of custom versus mass production based on qualities of the desired product, the cost of each unit to produce, and the number of units needed. Concept: Math: G-MG 3. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-1. Analyze a major global challenge to specify a design problem that can be improved. Determine necessary qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions, including any requirements set by society.* Clarification Statement: Examples of societal requirements can include risk mitigation, aesthetics, ethical considerations, and long-term maintenance costs. Concept: 7.MS-LS2-5 IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS1-2. Evaluate competing solutions to a given design problem using a decision matrix to determine how well each meets the criteria and constraints of the problem. Use a model of each solution to evaluate how variations in one or more design features, including size, shape, weight, or cost may affect the function or effectiveness of the solution.* Concept: 6.MS-ETS1-1. Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution. Include potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.* OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS1-5(MA). Create visual representations of solutions to a design problem. Accurately interpret and apply scale and proportion to visual representations.* Clarification Statements: Examples of visual representations can include sketches, scaled drawings, and orthographic projections. Examples of scale can include ¼’’ = 1’ and 1 cm = 1 m. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-2. Evaluate competing solutions to a given design problem using a decision matrix to determine how well each meets the criteria and constraints of the problem. Use a model of each solution to evaluate how variations in one or more design features, including size, shape, weight, or cost may affect the function or effectiveness of the solution.* OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-1. Analyze a major global challenge to specify a design problem that can be improved. Determine necessary qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions, including any requirements set by society.* Clarification Statement: Examples of societal requirements can include risk mitigation, aesthetics, ethical considerations, and long-term maintenance costs. IncomingConnection from 3.3-5-ETS1-1 Concept: 6.MS-PS4-3 OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-1(MA). Explain the function of a communication system and the role of its components, including a source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, and storage. Concept: 7.MS-PS3-3 IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS1-4. Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize the object, tool, or process for its intended purpose.* Concept: 6.MS-PS4-2 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-2(MA). Use a model to explain how information transmitted via digital and analog signals travels through the following media: electrical wire, optical fiber, air, and space. Analyze a communication problem and determine the best mode of delivery for the communication(s). Concept: 7.MS-ETS1-4. Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize the object, tool, or process for its intended purpose.* OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, aesthetics, and maintenance, as well as social, cultural, and environmental impacts.* OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-PS3-3 IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS1-7(MA). Construct a prototype of a solution to a given design problem.* IncomingConnection from 4.3-5-ETS1-3 IncomingConnection from Math: 6-SP 4. IncomingConnection from Math: 6-SP 5. Concept: HS-ETS1-6(MA). Document and present solutions that include specifications, performance results, successes and remaining issues, and limitations.* IncomingConnection from HS-ETS1-4. Use a computer simulation to model the impact of a proposed solution to a complex real-world problem that has numerous criteria and constraints on the interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.* IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS1-6(MA). Communicate a design solution to an intended user, including design features and limitations of the solution. Clarification Statement: Examples of intended users can include students, parents, teachers, manufacturing personnel, engineers, and customers. Concept: 7.MS-ETS3-5(MA). Use the concept of systems engineering to model inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback among components of a transportation, structural, or communication system. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-4(MA). Show how the components of a structural system work together to serve a structural function or maintain and environment for a particular human use. Provide examples of physical structures and relate their design to their intended use. Clarification Statements: Examples of components of a structural system could include foundation, decking, wall, and roofing. Explanations of function should include identification of live vs. dead loads and forces of tension, torsion, compression, and shear. Examples of uses include carrying loads and forces across a span (such as a bridge), providing livable space (such as a house or office building), and providing specific environmental conditions (such as a greenhouse or cold storage). State Assessment Boundary: Calculations of magnitude or direction of loads or forces are not expected in state assessment. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-1(MA). Model a technological system in which the output of one subsystem becomes the input to other subsystems. IncomingConnection from 5.3-5-ETS3-1 Concept: HS-ETS3-5(MA). Analyze how the design of a building is influenced by thermal conditions such as wind, solar angle, and temperature. Give examples of how conduction, convection, and radiation are considered in the selection of materials for buildings and in the design of a heating system. IncomingConnection from 7.MS-PS3-6 IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-1(MA). Analyze and compare properties of metals, plastics, wood and ceramics, including flexibility, ductility, hardness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and melting point. Concept: HS-ETS2-3(MA). Compare the costs and benefits of custom versus mass production based on qualities of the desired product, the cost of each unit to produce, and the number of units needed. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-2(MA). Explain how computers and robots can be used at different stages of a manufacturing system, typically for jobs that are repetitive, very small, or very dangerous. Clarification Statement: Examples of stages include design, testing, production, and quality control. IncomingConnection from Math: A-REI.B.3 IncomingConnection from HS-ETS2-4(MA). Explain how manufacturing processes transform material properties to meet a specified purpose or function. Recognize that new materials can be synthesized through chemical and physical processes that are designed to manipulate material properties to meet a desired performance condition. Clarification Statement: Examples of material properties can include resistance to force, density, hardness, and elasticity. IncomingConnection from Math: A-CED.A.2,3 Concept: 4.3-5-ETS1-6(MA) OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-7(MA). Construct a prototype of a solution to a given design problem.* Concept: Math: A-CED 4. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-4(MA). Calculate and describe the ability of a hydraulic system to multiply distance, multiply force, and effect directional change. Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ratio of piston sizes (cross-sectional area) as represented in Pascal’s law. Concept: 8.MS-ETS2-5(MA). Present information that illustrates how a product can be created using basic processes in manufacturing systems, including forming, separating, conditioning, assembling, finishing, quality control, and safety. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of human vs. computer control of these processes. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-1(MA). Determine the best application of manufacturing processes to create parts of desired shape, size, and finish based on available resources and safety. Clarification Statement: Examples of processes can include forming (molding of plastics, casting of metals, shaping, rolling, forging, and stamping), machining (cutting and milling), conditioning (thermal, mechanical and chemical processes), and finishing. State Assessment Boundary: Specific manufacturing machines are not expected in state assessment. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-3(MA). Choose and safely use the appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, fasteners, and common hand-held power tools used to construct a prototype. Clarification Statements: Examples of measuring tools include a tape measure, meter stick, and a ruler. Examples of hand tools include a hammer, a screwdriver, a wrench, and pliers. Examples of fasteners include nails, screws, nuts and bolts, staples, glue, and tape. Examples of common power tools include jigsaw, drill, and sander. Concept: HS-ETS3-1(MA). Model a technological system in which the output of one subsystem becomes the input to other subsystems. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-2(MA). Use a model to explain how information transmitted via digital and analog signals travels through the following media: electrical wire, optical fiber, air, and space. Analyze a communication problem and determine the best mode of delivery for the communication(s). IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-5(MA). Use the concept of systems engineering to model inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback among components of a transportation, structural, or communication system. Concept: Math: 3-MD 4. OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS2-3(MA). Choose and safely use the appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, fasteners, and common hand-held power tools used to construct a prototype. Clarification Statements: Examples of measuring tools include a tape measure, meter stick, and a ruler. Examples of hand tools include a hammer, a screwdriver, a wrench, and pliers. Examples of fasteners include nails, screws, nuts and bolts, staples, glue, and tape. Examples of common power tools include jigsaw, drill, and sander. Concept: Math: A.CED.A3 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, aesthetics, and maintenance, as well as social, cultural, and environmental impacts.* Concept: 5.3-5-ETS3-1 OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-5(MA). Use the concept of systems engineering to model inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback among components of a transportation, structural, or communication system. Concept: HS-ETS1-1. Analyze a major global challenge to specify a design problem that can be improved. Determine necessary qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions, including any requirements set by society.* Clarification Statement: Examples of societal requirements can include risk mitigation, aesthetics, ethical considerations, and long-term maintenance costs. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-2. Break a complex real-world problem into smaller, more manageable problems that each can be solved using scientific and engineering principles.* OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, aesthetics, and maintenance, as well as social, cultural, and environmental impacts.* IncomingConnection from Math: G-MG 3. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS1-1. Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution. Include potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.* Concept: 3.3-5-ETS1-4(MA) OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS1-5(MA). Create visual representations of solutions to a design problem. Accurately interpret and apply scale and proportion to visual representations.* Clarification Statements: Examples of visual representations can include sketches, scaled drawings, and orthographic projections. Examples of scale can include ¼’’ = 1’ and 1 cm = 1 m. Concept: 5.3-5-ETS3-2 OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS3-4(MA). Show how the components of a structural system work together to serve a structural function or maintain and environment for a particular human use. Provide examples of physical structures and relate their design to their intended use. Clarification Statements: Examples of components of a structural system could include foundation, decking, wall, and roofing. Explanations of function should include identification of live vs. dead loads and forces of tension, torsion, compression, and shear. Examples of uses include carrying loads and forces across a span (such as a bridge), providing livable space (such as a house or office building), and providing specific environmental conditions (such as a greenhouse or cold storage). State Assessment Boundary: Calculations of magnitude or direction of loads or forces are not expected in state assessment. Concept: HS-ETS4-5. Explain how a machine converts energy, through mechanical means, to do work. Collect and analyze data to determine the efficiency of simple and complex machines. IncomingConnection from 7.MS-PS3-1 IncomingConnection from 8.MS-PS2-2 IncomingConnection from HS-ETS4-4(MA). Calculate and describe the ability of a hydraulic system to multiply distance, multiply force, and effect directional change. Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ratio of piston sizes (cross-sectional area) as represented in Pascal’s law. Concept: Math: S-ID 9. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, aesthetics, and maintenance, as well as social, cultural, and environmental impacts.* Concept: 8.MS-PS1-2 OutgoingConnection to 8.MS-ETS2-4(MA). Use informational text to illustrate that materials maintain their composition under various kinds of physical processing; however, some material properties may change if a process changes the particulate structure of a material. Clarification Statements: Examples of physical processing can include cutting, forming, extruding, and sanding. Examples of changes in material properties can include a non-magnetic iron material becoming magnetic after hammering and a plastic material becoming rigid (less elastic) after heat treatment. Concept: HS-ETS1-2. Break a complex real-world problem into smaller, more manageable problems that each can be solved using scientific and engineering principles.* OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-4. Use a computer simulation to model the impact of a proposed solution to a complex real-world problem that has numerous criteria and constraints on the interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.* IncomingConnection from HS-ETS1-1. Analyze a major global challenge to specify a design problem that can be improved. Determine necessary qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions, including any requirements set by society.* Clarification Statement: Examples of societal requirements can include risk mitigation, aesthetics, ethical considerations, and long-term maintenance costs. Concept: 6.MS-ETS1-6(MA). Communicate a design solution to an intended user, including design features and limitations of the solution. Clarification Statement: Examples of intended users can include students, parents, teachers, manufacturing personnel, engineers, and customers. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS1-6(MA). Document and present solutions that include specifications, performance results, successes and remaining issues, and limitations.* IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS1-5(MA). Create visual representations of solutions to a design problem. Accurately interpret and apply scale and proportion to visual representations.* Clarification Statements: Examples of visual representations can include sketches, scaled drawings, and orthographic projections. Examples of scale can include ¼’’ = 1’ and 1 cm = 1 m. IncomingConnection from ELA: WHST.6-8.2 Concept: ELA: WHST.6-8.2 OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS1-6(MA). Communicate a design solution to an intended user, including design features and limitations of the solution. Clarification Statement: Examples of intended users can include students, parents, teachers, manufacturing personnel, engineers, and customers. Concept: ELA: WHST.9-10.7 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-1(MA). Research and describe various ways that humans use energy and power systems to harness resources to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently. Clarification Statement: Examples of energy and power systems can include fluid systems such as hydraulics and pneumatics, thermal systems such as heating and cooling, and electrical systems such as electronic devices and residential wiring. Concept: 6.MS-ETS2-1(MA). Analyze and compare properties of metals, plastics, wood and ceramics, including flexibility, ductility, hardness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and melting point. OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS2-2(MA). Given a design task, select appropriate materials based on specific properties needed in the construction of a solution.* Clarification Statement: Examples of materials can include metals, plastic, wood, and ceramics. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS2-4(MA). Explain how manufacturing processes transform material properties to meet a specified purpose or function. Recognize that new materials can be synthesized through chemical and physical processes that are designed to manipulate material properties to meet a desired performance condition. Clarification Statement: Examples of material properties can include resistance to force, density, hardness, and elasticity. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-5(MA). Analyze how the design of a building is influenced by thermal conditions such as wind, solar angle, and temperature. Give examples of how conduction, convection, and radiation are considered in the selection of materials for buildings and in the design of a heating system. IncomingConnection from 5-PS1-3 Concept: 5-PS1-3 OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS2-1(MA). Analyze and compare properties of metals, plastics, wood and ceramics, including flexibility, ductility, hardness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and melting point. Concept: HS-ETS3-2(MA). Use a model to explain how information transmitted via digital and analog signals travels through the following media: electrical wire, optical fiber, air, and space. Analyze a communication problem and determine the best mode of delivery for the communication(s). IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-1(MA). Explain the function of a communication system and the role of its components, including a source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, and storage. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-PS4-2 IncomingConnection from HS-ETS3-1(MA). Model a technological system in which the output of one subsystem becomes the input to other subsystems. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-PS4-3 Concept: Math: 7-EE 3. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-3(MA).Explain the importance of considering both live loads and dead loads when constructing structures. Calculate the resultant force(s) for a combination of live loads and dead loads for various situations. Clarification Statements: Examples of structures can include buildings, decks, and bridges. Examples of loads and forces include live load, dead load, total load, tension, sheer, compression, and torsion. Concept: 6.MS-PS4-3 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-2(MA). Use a model to explain how information transmitted via digital and analog signals travels through the following media: electrical wire, optical fiber, air, and space. Analyze a communication problem and determine the best mode of delivery for the communication(s). Concept: 7.MS-ETS3-2(MA). Compare the benefits and drawbacks of different communication systems. Clarification Statement: Examples of communication systems can include radio, television, print, and Internet. Examples of benefits and drawbacks can include speed of communication, distance or range, number of people reached, audio only vs. audio and visual, and one-way vs. two-way communication. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-2(MA). Use a model to explain differences between open fluid systems and closed fluid systems. Determine when it is more or less appropriate to use one type of system instead of the other. Clarification Statements: Examples of open systems can include irrigation, forced hot air system, and air compressors. Examples of closed systems can include forced hot water system and hydraulic brakes. IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-1(MA). Explain the function of a communication system and the role of its components, including a source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, and storage. Concept: Math: 7-RP.A.2c. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-4(MA). Calculate and describe the ability of a hydraulic system to multiply distance, multiply force, and effect directional change. Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ratio of piston sizes (cross-sectional area) as represented in Pascal’s law. Concept: 6.MS-ETS2-2(MA). Given a design task, select appropriate materials based on specific properties needed in the construction of a solution.* Clarification Statement: Examples of materials can include metals, plastic, wood, and ceramics. OutgoingConnection to 6.MS-ETS2-3(MA). Choose and safely use the appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, fasteners, and common hand-held power tools used to construct a prototype. Clarification Statements: Examples of measuring tools include a tape measure, meter stick, and a ruler. Examples of hand tools include a hammer, a screwdriver, a wrench, and pliers. Examples of fasteners include nails, screws, nuts and bolts, staples, glue, and tape. Examples of common power tools include jigsaw, drill, and sander. OutgoingConnection to HS-PS2-6 OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS3-4(MA). Use a model to illustrate how the forces of tension, compression, torsion, and shear affect the performance of a structure. Analyze situations that involve these forces and justify the selection of materials for the given situation based on their properties. Clarification Statements: Examples of structures include bridges, houses, and skyscrapers. Examples of material properties can include elasticity, plasticity, thermal conductivity, density, and resistance to force. IncomingConnection from 6.MS-ETS2-1(MA). Analyze and compare properties of metals, plastics, wood and ceramics, including flexibility, ductility, hardness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and melting point. Concept: HS-ETS4-1(MA). Research and describe various ways that humans use energy and power systems to harness resources to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently. Clarification Statement: Examples of energy and power systems can include fluid systems such as hydraulics and pneumatics, thermal systems such as heating and cooling, and electrical systems such as electronic devices and residential wiring. OutgoingConnection to HS-ETS4-4(MA). Calculate and describe the ability of a hydraulic system to multiply distance, multiply force, and effect directional change. Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ratio of piston sizes (cross-sectional area) as represented in Pascal’s law. IncomingConnection from ELA: WHST.9-10.7 Concept: HS-ETS2-2(MA). Explain how computers and robots can be used at different stages of a manufacturing system, typically for jobs that are repetitive, very small, or very dangerous. Clarification Statement: Examples of stages include design, testing, production, and quality control. IncomingConnection from HS-ETS2-1(MA). Determine the best application of manufacturing processes to create parts of desired shape, size, and finish based on available resources and safety. Clarification Statement: Examples of processes can include forming (molding of plastics, casting of metals, shaping, rolling, forging, and stamping), machining (cutting and milling), conditioning (thermal, mechanical and chemical processes), and finishing. State Assessment Boundary: Specific manufacturing machines are not expected in state assessment. IncomingConnection from HS-ETS2-3(MA). Compare the costs and benefits of custom versus mass production based on qualities of the desired product, the cost of each unit to produce, and the number of units needed. Concept: 7.MS-ETS3-3(MA). Research and communicate information about how transportation systems are designed to move people and goods using a variety of vehicles and devices. Identify and describe subsystems of a transportation vehicle, including structural, propulsion, guidance, suspension, and control subsystems. Clarification Statements: Examples of design elements include vehicle shape to maximize cargo or passenger capacity, terminals, travel lanes, and communications/controls. Examples of vehicles can include a car, sailboat, and small airplane. IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-1(MA). Explain the function of a communication system and the role of its components, including a source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, and storage. IncomingConnection from ELA: WHST.6-8.9 IncomingConnection from 7.MS-ETS3-4(MA). Show how the components of a structural system work together to serve a structural function or maintain and environment for a particular human use. Provide examples of physical structures and relate their design to their intended use. Clarification Statements: Examples of components of a structural system could include foundation, decking, wall, and roofing. Explanations of function should include identification of live vs. dead loads and forces of tension, torsion, compression, and shear. Examples of uses include carrying loads and forces across a span (such as a bridge), providing livable space (such as a house or office building), and providing specific environmental conditions (such as a greenhouse or cold storage). State Assessment Boundary: Calculations of magnitude or direction of loads or forces are not expected in state assessment. Concept: Math: 6-SP 5. OutgoingConnection to 7.MS-ETS1-4. Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize the object, tool, or process for its intended purpose.* Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education April 2016