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[5.PS.3.1] -
Use a model to describe that the food animals digest (a) contains energy that was once energy from the Sun, and (b) provides energy and nutrients for life processes, including body repair, growth, motion, body warmth, and reproduction. Clarification Statement: Examples of models could include diagrams and flow charts. State Assessment Boundary: Details of cellular respiration, ATP, or molecular details of the process of photosynthesis or respiration are not expected in state assessment
[6.LS.1.3] -
Construct an argument supported by evidence that the body systems interact to carry out essential functions of life. Clarification Statements: Emphasis is on the functions and interactions of the body systems, not specific body parts or organs. An argument should convey that different types of cells can join together to form specialized tissues, which in turn may form organs that work together as body systems. Body systems to be included are the circulatory, digestive, respiratory, excretory, muscular/skeletal, and nervous systems. Essential functions of life include obtaining food and other nutrients (water, oxygen, minerals), releasing energy from food, removing wastes, responding to stimuli, maintaining internal conditions, and growing/developing. An example of interacting systems could include the respiratory system taking in oxygen from the environment which the circulatory system delivers to cells for cellular respiration, or the digestive system taking in nutrients which the circulatory system transports to cells around the body.State Assessment Boundaries: The mechanism of one body system independent of others or the biochemical processes involved in body systems are not expected in state assessment. Describing the function or comparing different types of cells, tissues, or organs are not expected in state assessment.
Science and Technology/Engineering | Grade : 8
Discipline - Life Science
Core Idea - From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes
[8.LS.1.7] - Use informational text to describe that food molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are broken down and rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support cell growth and/or release of energy. State Assessment Boundary: Specific details of the chemical reaction for cellular respiration, biochemical steps of breaking down food, or the resulting molecules (e.g., carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides) are not expected in state assessment.
[WCA.6-8.9] -
Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research. (See grades 6-8 Reading Standard 1 for more on the use of textual evidence.)
[8.PS.1.5] -
Use a model to explain that atoms are rearranged during a chemical reaction to form new substances with new properties. Explain that the atoms present in the reactants are all present in the products and thus the total number of atoms is conserved. Clarification Statement: Examples of models can include physical models or drawings, including digital forms, that represent atoms. State Assessment Boundary: Use of atomic masses, molecular weights, balancing symbolic equations, or intermolecular forces is not expected in state assessment.
[HS.LS.1.5] -
Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis uses light energy to transform water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugars and other carbohydrates. Clarification Statements: Emphasis is on illustrating inputs and outputs of matter and the transfer and transformation of energy in photosynthesis by plants and other photosynthesizing organisms. Examples of models could include diagrams, chemical equations, and conceptual models. State Assessment Boundary: Specific biochemical steps of light reactions or the Calvin Cycle, or chemical structures of molecules are not expected in state assessment.
[HS.LS.1.6] -
Construct an explanation based on evidence that organic molecules are primarily composed of six elements, where carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms may combine with nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus to form monomers that can further combine to form large carbon-based macromolecules.
Clarification Statements: Monomers include amino acids, mono- and disaccharides, nucleotides, and fatty acids.• Organic macromolecules include proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids, and lipids. State Assessment Boundary: Details of specific chemical reactions or identification of specific macromolecule structures are not expected in state assessment.
[HS.LS.1.7] -
Use a model to illustrate that aerobic cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and new bonds form, resulting in new compounds and a net transfer of energy. Clarification Statements: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding of the inputs and outputs of the process of aerobic cellular respiration. Examples of models could include diagrams, chemical equations, and conceptual models. The model should include the role of ATP for energy transfer in this process. Food molecules include sugars (carbohydrates), fats (lipids), and proteins. State Assessment Boundary: Identification of the steps or specific processes involved in cellular respiration is not expected in state assessment.