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Science and Technology/Engineering > Grade High School > Biology
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Science and Technology/Engineering | Grade : High School

Discipline - Biology

Core Idea - From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

[HS.LS.1.6] - Construct an explanation based on evidence that organic molecules are primarily composed of six elements, where carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms may combine with nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus to form monomers that can further combine to form large carbon-based macromolecules. Clarification Statements: Monomers include amino acids, mono- and disaccharides, nucleotides, and fatty acids.• Organic macromolecules include proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids, and lipids. State Assessment Boundary: Details of specific chemical reactions or identification of specific macromolecule structures are not expected in state assessment.

Resources:

Predecessor Standards:

  • 6.LS.1.2
    Develop and use a model to describe how parts of cells contribute to the cellular functions of obtaining food, water, and other nutrients from its environment, disposing of wastes, and providing energy for cellular processes. Clarification Statement: Parts of plant and animal cells include (a) the nucleus, which contains a cell’s genetic material and regulates its activities; (b) chloroplasts, which produce necessary food (sugar) and oxygen through photosynthesis (in plants); (c) mitochondria, which release energy from food through cellular respiration; (d) vacuoles, which store materials, including water, nutrients, and waste; (e) the cell membrane, which is a selective barrier that enables nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to be expelled; and (f) the cell wall, which provides structural support (in plants). State Assessment Boundary: Specific biochemical steps or chemical processes, the role of ATP, active transport processes involving the cell membrane, or identifying or comparing different types of cells are not expected in state assessment.
  • 8.LS.1.7
    Use informational text to describe that food molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are broken down and rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support cell growth and/or release of energy. State Assessment Boundary: Specific details of the chemical reaction for cellular respiration, biochemical steps of breaking down food, or the resulting molecules (e.g., carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides) are not expected in state assessment.

Successor Standards:

No Successor Standards found.

Same Level Standards:

  • WCA.9-10.1
    Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.
  • HS.LS.1.1
    Construct a model of transcription and translation to explain the roles of DNA and RNA that code for proteins that regulate and carry out essential functions of life. Clarification Statements: Proteins that regulate and carry out essential functions of life include enzymes (which speed up chemical reactions), structural proteins (which provide structure and enable movement), and hormones and receptors (which send and receive signals). The model should show the double-stranded structure of DNA, including genes as part of DNA’s transcribed strand, with complementary bases on the non-transcribed strand. State Assessment Boundaries: Specific names of proteins or specific steps of transcription and translation are not expected in state assessment. Cell structures included in transcription and translation will be limited to nucleus, nuclear membrane, and ribosomes for state assessment.
  • HS.LS.1.7
    Use a model to illustrate that aerobic cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and new bonds form, resulting in new compounds and a net transfer of energy. Clarification Statements: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding of the inputs and outputs of the process of aerobic cellular respiration. Examples of models could include diagrams, chemical equations, and conceptual models. The model should include the role of ATP for energy transfer in this process. Food molecules include sugars (carbohydrates), fats (lipids), and proteins. State Assessment Boundary: Identification of the steps or specific processes involved in cellular respiration is not expected in state assessment.
  • HS.LS.2.4
    Use a mathematical model to describe the transfer of energy from one trophic level to another. Explain how the inefficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels affects the relative number of organisms that can be supported at each trophic level and necessitates a constant input of energy from sunlight or inorganic compounds from the environment. Clarification Statement: The model should illustrate the “10% rule” of energy transfer and show approximate amounts of available energy at each trophic level in an ecosystem (up to five trophic levels).